We describe four cases of probable nootropic-induced psychiatric adverse effects to illustrate this theory. We briefly describe the most common classes of nootropics, including their postulated or proven methods of actions, their desired effects, and their adverse side effects, and provide a brief discussion of the cases. We also describe four cases of nootropic use that potentially led to unwanted serious adverse psychiatric effects. The overall evidence regarding the benefits of nootropics in healthy individuals seeking mental enhancement is still controversial. Additionally, it is important to note that nootropics are not free of adverse effects. Table 1 summarizes the mechanisms of action, desired neuropsychiatric effects, and adverse effects of the common classes of nootropics detailed below.

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Armodafinil is produced by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. Because armodafinil has a longer half-life than modafinil does, it may be more effective at improving wakefulness in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness. Armodafinil is currently FDA-approved to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and shift work disorder. In June, it was revealed that a phase II study of armodafinil as an adjunctive therapy in adults with schizophrenia had failed to meet the primary endpoints, and the clinical program was subsequently terminated. In placebo-controlled studies, the most commonly observed side effects were headache, xerostomia dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. Possible side effects also include depression, anxiety, hallucinations, euphoria, extreme increase in activity and talking, anorexia, tremor, thirst, rash, suicidal thoughts, and aggression. Symptoms of an overdose on armodafinil include trouble sleeping, restlessness, confusion, disorientation, feeling excited, mania, hallucinations, nausea, diarrhea, severely increased or decreased heart beat, chest pain, and increased blood pressure. Serious rashes can develop in rare cases, and require immediate medical attention due to the possibility of Steven's-Johnson Syndrome, or other hypersensitivities to armodafinil. The mechanism of action of armodafinil is unknown.

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This post is also available in: Deutsch. Are you living in Germany and want to order some modafinil but not sure where to look? Modafinil is a safe and effective cognitive-enhancement medication used by business executives and students to increase productivity and concentration. The drug works by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain associated with wakefulness and vigilance. It can delay the onset of fatigue for several hours, allowing you to work long, productive days. The medication has been found safe in a number of clinical trials 1, and the benefits are considered to be greater than the risks.

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Armodafinil is a psychostimulant that aims to improve wakefulness. The absorption, metabolism and elimination of armodafinil are very similar to modafinil. However, after oral administration peak serum concentrations and exposure area under the curve are higher for armodafinil than for modafinil at the same dose. Armodafinil is not therefore bioequivalent to modafinil and cannot be directly substituted. Armodafinil should be taken once a day in the morning for narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnoea, and one hour before starting work for those with shift work sleep disorder.

The majority of Modafinil and Armodafinil generics can be ordered in online pharmacies. In online pharmacies, you can not only buy cheap Modalert mg, but also buy cheap Armodafinil mg. Online pharmacies allow their owners to reduce expenses, so this is why you can order modafinil online at a much lower price, than in regular pharmacies. Thereby, you get an opportunity to order Modafinil for cheap at online pharmacies. When ordering the generics of Armodafinil you buy absolutely similar ar modafinil, like Waklert mg medicine by Sun pharma. Meaning, Nuvigil mg tablets from Sun Pharma active component — ar modafinil mg is an equivalent of a generic Armodafinil mg.

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Originally Modafinil was developed and sold as medication for excessive sleepiness issues like narcolepsy. Visibility Others can see my Clipboard.

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