Nitrates are used primarily to treat ischaemic heart disease. These drugs are potent coronary vasodilators and can increase blood flow to the myocardium. However, in many cases of angina, the coronary arteries are partially occluded and blood flow through them does not increase significantly.

General anaesthesia involves three main responses of the nervous system: loss of consciousness, loss of motor reflexes and loss of sensory reflexes. Because areas of the brain responsible for consciousness are the most sensitive it is possible to administer anaesthetics at concentrations that produce unconsciousness without seriously depressing the cardiovascular and respiratory centres or the heart muscle, but the margin of safety is narrow. At doses in excess of those used for anaesthetic purposes, all general anaesthetics can cause death from cardiorespiratory failure. Most general anaesthetics depress the cardiovascular system due to direct effects on the myocardium and blood vessels combined with inhibition of neuronal activity.

Lewy bodies are intra-neuronal inclusions and can be found throughout the brain and cerebral cortex. There appear to be three types of Lewy body disease: brain stem predominant and neocortical (associated with dementia). Cigarette smokers appear to be at a reduced risk of developing Parkinsons disease.

For example paramedics can administer certain named drugs in emergency situations. Podiatrists and chiropodists can administer certain POM, including local anaesthetics. The Medicines Act divides drugs into three major categories: Each category is subject to different legal requirements.

Radiography, Hogg, P. Hogg, D. and Hogg, P. Radiographer prescribing: lessons to be learnt from the community nursing experience Editorial.

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Other drugs, for example phenobarbital, compete for the same liver enzymes. Phenytoin induces liver enzymes and can affect the metabolism and activity of other drugs, anticoagulants for example. Liver enzymes can also be saturated which means that plasma levels of phenytoin can rise unpredictably as its inactivation slows down. The therapeutic ratio for phenytoin is very small and can vary from patient to patient. Adverse effects of phenytoin range from mild vertigo, ataxia, headache and nystagmus, to the more serious but reversible confusion and intellectual deterioration.

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The emphasis is on conditions and drugs likely to be encountered in general practice. Disorders of the CNS can be divided into psychiatric disorders and neurological disorders, although the distinction is not always clear. Psychiatric disorders include types of depression, schizophrenia, anxiety and insomnia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurological disorders include epilepsy and Parkinsons disease, dementia and Alzheimers disease. Pro metformin 500mg order to have some understanding of the nature of diseases of the CNS and the treatments available, it is necessary to have a basic knowledge of the brain and neurotransmitters that are involved in the transmission of information within the nervous system.

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It is defined as an increase in muscle tone characterized by initial resistance to passive movement followed by sudden relaxation. Spasticity can be treated with a number of drugs. Dantrolene has a direct metformin 500mg tablet price in india on skeletal muscle to cause relaxation; baclofen inhibits transmission at the spinal cord by acting on inhibitory presynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptors; benzodiazepines cause muscle relaxation by some central action; and tizanidine is an α action. Side effects of dantrolene, baclofen and tizanidine are similar, being motor incoordination, drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, fatigue and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Fluted bottles must be used for medicines that are for external use only. Patient information leaflets or summary of product characteristics must be included. Their content is set out by law. A patient specific direction is the traditional prescription written by a doctor, dentist or other qualified prescriber for medicines to be supplied or administered to a named patient.

There are many disorders of the endocrine glands. Disorders of the thyroid gland are relatively common and can be due to either hyperor hyposecretion of thyroid hormone. Hypersecretion is treated by surgery or with carbamazepine or radioactive iodine. Hyposecretion is managed with thyroxine replacement therapy. The parathyroids are small, but important, glands involved in regulation of blood calcium levels together with calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland and vitamin D.

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